A Comprehensive Review of Interlayer Bond Strength in Asphalt Pavement Systems
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Abstract
Flexible pavements consist of numerous layers, and the integrity of the interface between them is crucial for structural performance and service life. Inadequate interlayer bonding can cause premature failures such as slippage, rutting, delamination, and fatigue cracking. This review comprehensively synthesises the factors that influence the strength of interlayer bonds in asphalt pavement systems. It examines the impact of surface texture, moisture, temperature, contamination, application rate, curing time, and tack coat type. The emphasis is on mechanical evaluation methods, such as shear, tensile (pull-off), torsion tests, and emergent non-destructive and fatigue-based techniques. Advanced modelling techniques such as finite element analysis (FEA) and machine learning (ML) are also considered for predicting interlayer shear strength (ISS). Key findings emphasise the importance of polymer-modified emulsions, surface cleanliness, and proper tack coat application in improving bond performance. The review identifies gaps in standardisation, field testing consistency, and predictive modelling. This work combines material science, pavement mechanics, and simulation tools to support building standardised practices for analysing and optimising interlayer bonding. It also outlines future research needs focusing on fatigue behaviour, field validation, and predictive modelling frameworks.
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