Reducing cracks and increasing strength and production using additive manufacturing method (316 L stainless steel)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The research focused on the mechanical and microstructural characterization of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel. Key investigations involved: hardness testing (resulting in 206 HB, comparable to cast 316L and superior to aluminum 6063), verification of chemical composition, tensile tests (with detailed results presented in Table 3, showing yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation), and bend tests confirming high ductility without cracking. Furthermore, Charpy impact tests demonstrated a toughness of at least 120 J at room temperature. Metallographic analysis revealed a predominantly austenitic structure with uniform elemental distribution and no carbide precipitation, crucial for enhanced corrosion resistance and mechanical performance. The study concludes that additive manufacturing is a viable method for producing 316L SS components with desirable properties for challenging applications.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Licensed under a CC-BY license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
How to Cite
References
V. Ajay, Jignesh Nakrani, Neeraj K. Mishra, Amber Shrivastava, Fatigue crack growth behavior of SS316L deposition from wire arc additive manufacturing, Manufacturing Letters,Volume 35, Supplement, 2023, Pages 658-664, ISSN 2213-8463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.08.06 .
Yangyu Chen, Man-Tai Chen, Ou Zhao, Barbara Rossi, Xiongfeng Ruan, Fatigue crack growth behavior of wire arc additively manufactured 316L austenitic stainless steel, Thin-Walled Structures, Volume 212, 2025, 113182, ISSN 0263-8231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2025.113182.
V. Ajay, Jignesh Nakrani, Neeraj K. Mishra, Amber Shrivastava, Anisotropic fatigue crack propagation in wire arc additively manufactured 316L stainless steel, International Journal of Fatigue, Volume 177, 2023, 107976, ISSN 0142-1123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107976.
J.V. Gordon, C.V. Haden, H.F. Nied, R.P. Vinci, D.G. Harlow, Fatigue crack growth anisotropy, texture and residual stress in austenitic steel made by wire and arc additive manufacturing,Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 724, 2018, Pages 431-438, ISSN 0921-5093, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.03.075.
Mingcai Pan, Junqiang Xu, Ningning Liang, Yong Peng, Qi Zhou, Kehong Wang, Microstructure and mechanical properties of the laminated heterostructured material with 316L stainless steel/18Ni300 maraging steel fabricated by WAAM, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 881, 2023, 145300, ISSN 0921-5093, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.145300.
Gowthaman, P.S., Jeyakumar, S. & Sarathchandra, D. Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 33, 5536–5546 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08312-7
Jay Vora, Heet Parmar, Rakesh Chaudhari, Sakshum Khanna, Mikesh Doshi, Vivek Patel, Experimental investigations on mechanical properties of multi-layered structure fabricated by GMAW-based WAAM of SS316L, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Volume 20, 2022, Pages 2748-2757, ISSN 2238-7854, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.074.
D.G. Andrade, T. Tankova, C. Zhu, R. Branco, L. Simões da Silva, D.M. Rodrigues,
Mechanical properties of 3D printed CMT-WAAM 316 LSi stainless steel walls, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Volume 215, 2024, 108527, ISSN 0143 974X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2024.108527.
Uğur Gürol, Engin Kocaman, Savaş Dilibal, Mustafa Koçak, A comparative study on the microstructure, mechanical properties, wear and corrosion behaviors of SS 316 austenitic stainless steels manufactured by casting and WAAM technologies, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Volume 47, 2023, Pages 215-227, ISSN 1755-5817, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2023.10.005.
Ahmad, S.N., Manurung, Y.H., Adenan, M.S. et al. Experimental validation of numerical simulation on deformation behaviour induced by wire arc additive manufacturing with feedstock SS316L on substrate S235. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 119, 1951–1964 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08340-4
Sethuraman, A., Vijayaragavan, E., Lakshmanan, T. et al. Optimization and Finite Element Analysis Simulation on Mechanical Behavior of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing for SS316L Using Response Surface Methodology. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 34, 8096–8116 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-025-10776-8
T.F.W. van Nuland, L. Palmeira Belotti, J.P.M. Hoefnagels, J.A.W. van Dommelen, M.G.D. Geers, Microstructural modeling and measurements of anisotropic plasticity in large scale additively manufactured 316L stainless steel, European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, Volume 96, 2022, 104710, ISSN 0997-7538, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104710.
Lee, S.H. CMT-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using 316L Stainless Steel: Effect of Heat Accumulation on the Multi-Layer Deposits. Metals 2020, 10, 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020278