A Review on the Leaching Behavior and pH Dynamics of Nickel and Copper Contaminated Sandy Soils Stabilized with Cement and Fly Ash.
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The review aimed for Nickel- and copper-contaminated soils, particularly sandy ones, are a continuing environmental and health concern due to their highly permeable nature and poor water-holding capacity. This review examined the leaching success and pH behavior of nickel- and copper-contaminated sandy soils stabilized separately using cement and fly ash. Cement stabilization demonstrated a significantly higher soil pH, which contributed to the formation of metal hydroxides, significantly reducing the mobility of both nickel and copper. Despite the low alkalinity of fly ash stabilization, it stabilizes the metals either by adsorption or pozzolanic reactions to reduce their solubility. Leaching behavior varies depending on the type and quantity of binder used, the duration of treatment, the natural soil characteristics, and environmental considerations. Studies have shown that cement and fly ash performed better in terms of stabilization for both binders, with cement appearing to raise the pH more and achieve a higher stabilization rate than fly ash. However, the research indicates a limited number of long-term field studies and an incomplete understanding of stabilization pathways. The research also highlights potential future developments, which could also assist in binder selection, dosage determination, and subsequent application of stabilizers to improve and promote environmentally sustainable practices. In summary, this study provides a foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors that regulate the stabilization of sandy soils contaminated with nickel and copper, contributing to more successful contamination remediation experiments.
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