Simultaneous Removal of Nutrients from Water Using Advanced Sustainable Technologies: A Comprehensive Systematic Review (2005-2024)
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Abstract
Nitrates (NO3-) and phosphates (PO43-) are released in high amounts of industrial waste and runoffs, causing the eutrophication process, which can impair aquatic life. The present paper is a systematic and comprehensive review of the most recent removal technologies, consisting of physical, chemical, biological, and nanotechnology technologies, and concentrates on newly published articles (since 2005). One of the studies deals with the complicated mechanisms of reaction, like ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and the formation of a surface complex. The experiments showed that using a biochar-based adsorption system and nano-modified adsorbents is the most sustainable and economically applicable method, as the efficiencies of removal reach over 90% within the most favorable working environment. The review concludes that water treatment lies in the emergence of "Hybrid Systems" combining high efficiency with qualitative nutrient recovery in conformity with the concept of the circular economy and the resource-constrained areas.
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