NDVI and NDWI Based Assessment of Land Cover Changes in Samarra, Iraq using Landsat 8 Data
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This paper studied the land cover changes in the Samarra urban. Two images from Landsat-8. One image was from July 2013, and the second from July 2020 used for calculate vegetation as well as water bodies. We applied NDVI and NDWI to these images. Iraq is a dry region that is difficult to work in it. The features such as soil and vegetation cover seem almost equal in the scene, this cause conventional methods to generate wrong results. For this paper, we got a Level-2 scene from the USGS website. These scenes are adequate because they are already fixed for the atmosphere; thus, this step is not required. The Maximum Likelihood method is used to classify the scenes. The map tested ,that made with 250 points on Google Earth. The final result was acceptable, with 88.7% accuracy. When comparing the results for 2013 with 2020, it was observed that the water bodies and green areas decreased. The bare surface coverage increased significantly. These changes are mainly attributed to prolonged drought in the region.
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